Exclude Level of Detail Calculation: Tableau Functions

0:00Hey, it's Tim here. In today's video we're

0:02doing the very last function in the LOD

0:04series and that

0:05is the exclude function. Now at this point

0:07you've hopefully had a chance to see the

0:10fixed level of

0:10detail video and the include level of

0:13detail video and hopefully you've also done

0:15the sort of pre-reading

0:16with the order of operations in the gran

0:19ularity video that I released previously

0:21just before this

0:22very video. So if you haven't check out the

0:24playlist I'll put it in the pop-up on

0:25screen so

0:26you can see all of those videos in one

0:28place. But essentially what we're going to

0:30do today is cover

0:32the exclude function and the reason I'm

0:33calling those videos out is because it's

0:35actually really

0:36important context for today's video. I

0:38deliberately chose sort of the order that

0:40we did this in so that

0:41I could easily refer to other videos in

0:44subsequent videos. Okay and so essentially

0:47today we're going

0:47to focus on the exclude function. Right

0:49again I'm going to hop into Tableau without

0:52any sort

0:52of hesitation. I'm going to connect to

0:54Superstore and we're going to set up a very

0:56simple example.

0:57Okay now I think the exclude one is

0:59probably the easiest one to understand

1:01because you can

1:02literally see what it's doing. A bit like

1:04the include actually and there's a nice

1:06sort of

1:07comparison to the include function as well.

1:10So let's just build a very simple view. Let

1:12's open

1:12up our product and location hierarchy. I'm

1:15going to drag category onto rows and sub

1:17category onto

1:19rows as well and then we're going to put

1:21sales here where it says ABC. So now you

1:23can see the

1:23values for each of these particular subc

1:26ategories. Okay and where we were before is

1:29with the include

1:31function what essentially that was doing is

1:32it was working with the viz level of detail

1:34in the

1:35visualization. By that if I just do a quick

1:37refresher on the viz level of detail we're

1:39talking

1:39about anything that you put on the color,

1:42size, text, detail, anything you might put

1:45on the path if you

1:46have that, anything you put on column and

1:48rows, those all contribute to the viz level

1:50of detail

1:51if there's some sort of day or dimension.

1:53Okay and so those are the kind of things we

1:56need to be

1:56looking at. You can also put you know a

1:58dimension here in pages and technically

2:01speaking it's part

2:02of the viz level of detail but strictly

2:04speaking it's sort of not. You can sort of

2:06debate it. I

2:07guess maybe a Tableau developer can let us

2:09know what the official answer is. But

2:11essentially

2:12anything you put on these places

2:13contributes to the viz level of detail and

2:15the thing is with the

2:17exclude function it basically works with

2:19the viz level of detail. So whatever I have

2:22in my

2:22visualization is going to contribute to the

2:25level of detail calculation. The exact same

2:28thing was

2:28true with the include function. The include

2:30function was essentially bringing in an

2:33additional

2:33level of detail into the visualization but

2:36only in the calculation that you are

2:37writing. Okay

2:39and the fixed level of detail worked

2:42exclusively with what was given to it

2:44inside of the level of

2:45detail calculation. So it was not listening

2:47to the viz level of detail, it was working

2:50independent of

2:51the viz level of detail. Okay and so with

2:53the execute function it's actually really

2:55easy to

2:56just show you what it does and because this

2:58is the one where I think I can very very

3:00quickly show you

3:01what it does and we can set it up. So I'm

3:03just going to get right into this and just

3:05start

3:06writing the function here in front of you.

3:07So let's just make this larger so you can

3:09see this

3:10and the thing you want to do is as always

3:12open up an LOD with this curly bracket and

3:15this time we're

3:16using exclude and always try and use the

3:18auto complete if you can because it just

3:20makes things

3:21a lot better for you and it means you don't

3:23mistype anything. Now what I'm going to do

3:25is

3:26I'm going to exclude the subcategory just

3:28so you can see what's going on here. Okay

3:30subcategories

3:31right there and then I'm going to go ahead

3:33and do my aggregation that I already have

3:35in the visualization.

3:36If you want to you can actually hold

3:38control or on a windows or command on a mac

3:41and just bring that

3:42in so you get the exact same aggregation

3:45then hold shift and I'm going to close this

3:47with a curly

3:48bracket. So we've pretty much written our L

3:50OD okay and so what this is basically saying

3:52let's just do

3:53the anatomy of this again before we see

3:55what it does. So we're opening up our LOD

3:57with the curly

3:58brackets and we're then specifying the LOD

4:01function right here and then we're

4:03basically telling it what

4:05level of detail to be looking at and so

4:07what the exclude will do is it will look at

4:09the visualization

4:11and it will take this subcategory right

4:13here and you can see that it's there and it

4:15will be like

4:16me removing this subcategory from the

4:19visualization. So it's almost like I've

4:21gone into the visualization

4:22with this calculation and I've removed sub

4:25category from the row shelf even though it's

4:27still in the

4:28in the visualization okay and then once it

4:31's done that it's going to do this

4:34aggregation over here

4:35on the right hand side. So you've got sum

4:37of cells and then obviously you just close

4:38it off so

4:39if I just go back one and actually just

4:41square this off this is the aggregation

4:43that it's then

4:44going to do once it's excluded the sub

4:46category from the viz levels of detail. So

4:49much much easier

4:50to sort of show you that in action so let's

4:54just sort of clear this up and I'm just

4:58going to write

4:59this here so you can very easily see. So

5:04aggregate cells after excluding subcategory

5:10from the viz

5:13level of detail okay. So let's just put

5:16this on a new line you can actually do

5:19block comments here so

5:21in 2020.4 I think it was they added the

5:24ability to do block comments and I can't

5:26find the star on my

5:27keyboard and this is awful so here we go

5:29here's a star here's a backslash and then

5:31we can do replace

5:33this here with a star and again I can't

5:35find it I have my total memory blank there

5:38we go and I think

5:40if I just put that there then that will

5:41work better so now you can see I'm doing a

5:43block comment there

5:44and basically all I'm doing is I'm just

5:46removing the subcategory from the viz level

5:49of detail there

5:49you can see that there okay. So let's hit

5:52apply and then let's go and get our

5:53calculation now I

5:54didn't call this so I didn't call this a

5:57name so let's give it a name exclude subcat

6:01sum of cells

6:03just so we can easily call it out once it's

6:05been created and now that will go over here

6:07to the

6:08bottom left so over here you can just see

6:10that it's popped up there so what I'm going

6:12to do is

6:12I'm going to grab it from this position

6:14here and drag it inside my visualization so

6:16let's go ahead

6:18and do exactly that let's drag it and I'm

6:20just going to put it into the table here

6:22and when you

6:22do that you'll see that we get an answer

6:25back okay and so essentially what you can

6:27see is you've got

6:28this value here 742 000 repeating across

6:32the furniture category and so you can

6:34hopefully see

6:35exactly what I said is happening it's

6:38basically taking this aggregation and it's

6:41doing it as if

6:42the subcategory is not in the visualization

6:45okay so if you go and take the total of if

6:49you go and

6:49take the total of a category you'll get 742

6:52000 then it's just repeating that across

6:55every row

6:56it's a sif subcategory doesn't exist you'll

6:58get the exact same answer if I remove sub

7:00category on

7:01this column on the left so let me just show

7:03you remove subcategory now you see these

7:05values match

7:06up and add it back in and you see you just

7:09get a repeating row so what you can then do

7:12is you can

7:12also do almost the exact same thing we did

7:14with the fixed function at the very

7:16beginning of this

7:17course which is essentially to just

7:19basically do a percentage of total using

7:21this particular

7:23aggregation and so I'm not going to repeat

7:25that here it's very easy to see and

7:26understand how to

7:27do that you basically just put some of

7:29cells over this new function and you're

7:31pretty much

7:32good to go now there's also something else

7:34that's really interesting and that is here

7:37that you can

7:37see that it's actually attributing this as

7:40an attribute okay it's actually kind of

7:42giving it

7:42an attribute to this whole data set and

7:44that's that's sort of true because if you

7:46think about

7:47what it's got to do and the way the

7:49aggregation works that's really the only

7:52way it can actually

7:53apportion this value to this visualization

7:56because if it was actually doing anything

7:59at the same level

8:00of detail as this subcategory then it would

8:02not be an attribute in essence so this

8:04might be sort

8:05of something that you'll see happening when

8:08you do a calculation on you know a

8:10dimension or maybe

8:12you're doing some sort of aggregate

8:13function and you're trying to sort of bring

8:15back just a single

8:16value you'll see this attribute function

8:18come up and check out my other video on

8:20this I've gone

8:20into way more detail it's way more clear

8:23and than what I'm saying right now about

8:25this function so

8:26the absolute function is super simple it's

8:29actually as simple as the include function

8:31what the include function was doing is

8:33bringing something into the view and the

8:35exclude function

8:36is just taking something out of the view

8:39then doing the calculation okay and then as

8:41a reminder

8:42the fixed function is essentially doing the

8:44calculation with whatever you've given it

8:46in

8:46the calculation it ignores the

8:48visualization view okay so that's pretty

8:51much a summary of this one

8:52it's actually it sounds bizarre how simple

8:55this calculation is right but hopefully you

8:57can start

8:58to see how it might be useful let's say you

9:00've got some sort of total and you'd like to

9:02do a

9:02comparison of some sort this is actually a

9:05really nice calculation to have in hand now

9:08I have to be

9:08honest I can't remember the last time I

9:10used this function I think because of the

9:12way it works it's

9:13just not sort of the inherent way that you

9:15think about creating this kind of

9:17calculation what I

9:18would have typically done is I think the

9:19lazy way of doing things is I'm always

9:21going off and writing

9:22a fixed level of detail at the exact level

9:25of detail that I need and then using that

9:27value

9:28because I know that will never change

9:29because it's you know calculating that

9:31whatever context

9:32you have in the vis so the risk with the

9:34include and exclude function is that they

9:36can sometimes

9:37be messed up by what you have in the

9:39visualization let's say that I go in and I

9:42add let's say

9:43I add some other element of the hierarchy

9:46let's say that I add I'm going to add

9:48region I think

9:49that's sort of the highest level that will

9:50sort of be visible if I add region to the

9:52vis you'll see

9:53that this number now changes but I might

9:54not have wanted that number change because

9:57I might have

9:57wanted to see the percentage of total

10:00compared to the whole category but broken

10:02down by region and

10:03so I could see okay central makes up and 20

10:06of the furniture region and so on and so

10:09forth that

10:10might have been a calculation that I wanted

10:12to do but in this case that's not what

10:13happens anytime

10:14I add another dimension that's not

10:16explicitly excluded from the vis level of

10:19detail here in

10:20my calculation it's going to change my

10:22aggregation for you okay so that's pretty

10:24much the actually

10:25function and what I'm going to now do is

10:27show you another example and for this one

10:29this is a bit of

10:30a far-fetched example and it's actually one

10:33that I got from the top 15 LODs blog post

10:36that Bethany

10:37Lyons wrote from Tableau there's a link to

10:39that in the description below so we're

10:41going to try

10:41that out now and I'm going to show you

10:43maybe something that you might be able to

10:45use this

10:46LOD for in the future all right let's get

10:48stuck in okay so let me show you the

10:50example that we're

10:50going to create if I just go over here to

10:53the browser I've got a page ready up and

10:56this is

10:56number six in Bethany Lyons post about the

10:59top 15 LOD expressions you should know it's

11:02really really

11:03good blog post I'll link it in the

11:04description I think I've linked to it in

11:06every LOD video

11:07it's a really good basis for just

11:09understanding some use cases and actually

11:11if you know all these

11:12use cases then you'll come up with other

11:14more creative use cases of your own when

11:16you start to

11:16see challenges in your own data set so let

11:18's have a look at this example essentially

11:21what's happening

11:21here is that you're able to click on a

11:24particular category and what you can do is

11:27you can essentially

11:29change the comparison for this one so it's

11:31actually not by clicking it's by using this

11:33parameter so for example if I was to go to

11:36appliances what it does is it recalculates

11:38the difference based on this particular

11:41value so the value here on the left hand

11:43side you can see

11:43this is basically zero and it's showing you

11:46how all of the other categories are

11:48performing compared

11:49to appliances and then if again if you

11:51change this to let's say envelopes you'll

11:53see that the chart

11:54changes because envelopes is all the way

11:56down here and pretty much all the other

11:57categories are doing

11:58much better so it's a nice way of sort of

12:00doing a comparison we know tables don't

12:03perform well in

12:03tableau because you know what tables so

12:06here we are so this is a really nice sort

12:09of tool that you

12:10might use and use the parameters to change

12:12these values so I'm basically going to show

12:14you how to

12:14build this and you can also just come here

12:16and follow the how-to guide but I'll sort

12:18of show you

12:19how to build it and we'll build the exclude

12:21function in there as well okay so I'm going

12:22to

12:23go ahead and close this example here that I

12:25've got in my window I'm just going to open

12:28up a new

12:28sheet and what I like to do is I just like

12:30to set up a table to start with so the

12:32first thing I want

12:33to do is bring in a subcategory and I just

12:36want to bring in the cells and all I want

12:39to do is compare

12:40the differences between these so we've got

12:42our numbers here which is great and so what

12:44I'd like

12:45to do is I just like to set everything up

12:47in the table when I'm doing something

12:49complex because

12:50then I can see the numbers I know the

12:51visualization could do the same thing but

12:54the issue with the

12:55visualization is that it immediately starts

12:56to create distractions now you start

12:58worrying about

12:59formatting spacing labels all of that stuff

13:01just the distraction and so you don't

13:04actually focus

13:05enough and just getting the calculation

13:07right so top tip if you want to make sure

13:09all your numbers

13:10are always accurate and you know things are

13:12done nicely just focus on the table build

13:14out your

13:15solution build out your calculations as a

13:17table then once you've got the numbers

13:19absolutely tight

13:20just start building the charts from there

13:21because then you have the confidence to

13:23just

13:23throw stuff into the visualization and you

13:25know it's not going to change okay so let's

13:28go ahead

13:28and start creating different things so the

13:30first thing I need to do is to create a

13:32parameter

13:33so I'm just going to right click on this

13:35white white space here create a parameter

13:38and we're

13:38just basically going to call this subcats I

13:41'm very lazy so I'll call it subcats maybe

13:44there's a good

13:45meme for that and we're gonna load it up

13:48with strings okay and the value when work

13:51book opens

13:52we can actually you know set this up with a

13:54bunch of other values but I'm just going to

13:56leave it at

13:57that I'm going to use a list of items and I

14:00'm going to add values from the subcategory

14:03here

14:03so you can see that it automatically went

14:05and populated everything with something

14:07from the

14:08categories and so that's pretty much it I'm

14:10pretty happy and what you could have done

14:12sometimes it's

14:13better when you're working with databases

14:16to use an integer and so what an integer

14:20does is actually

14:20just more efficient because you're using

14:22numbers and so it takes less computing

14:24space to store

14:25then you don't get this nice ability to add

14:27from the data set so for this demo I'll

14:30just choose

14:31a string and we'll go and add values from

14:33subcategory and you'll see that that's now

14:35populated you can of course change how they

14:37're displayed but we're not going to do that

14:39we're

14:39going to keep that as is and we're going to

14:41hit okay right click and show the parameter

14:44so now we

14:44have our parameter here on the right hand

14:47side okay now the next thing we're going to

14:49do is

14:49we're just going to create a calculation

14:51essentially so we're just basically going

14:53to say

14:54this is the selected sub count cells okay

14:58sub count cells and basically you're going

15:01to say

15:02let's see let's see let's see how we'd

15:06write this there's a couple of ways we

15:08could do this

15:09let's write this the easy way if let's say

15:12if category let's make this larger as well

15:15before

15:16I forget okay is equal to sub cat uh sub

15:22cat which is the parameter it's a good

15:25thing I put an s there

15:27then uh I could write some of sales here

15:31but I'm just gonna write sales because what

15:34we can do

15:35is aggregate everything afterwards and

15:38sales uh else I'm just gonna put zero I'm

15:41not gonna null

15:41because I don't want this to sort of return

15:44errors I'll zero I'll zero and and just do

15:46that so let me

15:47just sort of spell that out in plain

15:49English so basically we're saying if this

15:52uh not the category

15:53we could write the right thing here in the

15:55first place if the sub category is equal to

15:58the sub cats

15:58parameter then give us the cells otherwise

16:01zero okay so what that will do is it will

16:03only return

16:04the cells for the currently selected sub

16:07cat so let's hit apply and hit okay and

16:09then let's just

16:11drag this into the view and you can see

16:13that everything is zero apart from

16:15accessories because

16:16accessories is the currently selected sub

16:19category so that's why we get the value

16:22there

16:22and nowhere else let's go ahead and just

16:25switch this around to make sure that's

16:27working

16:27and now that's perfect okay so now that's

16:30working really really well let's try and

16:32use the function

16:33that we remembered last time so now that we

16:35have that let's go ahead and create another

16:38calculation

16:39and this time we're going to use the

16:40exclude function that we just learned so we

16:43're going to

16:43open up with the curly brackets type in

16:45exclude and the thing we're excluding from

16:48this visualization

16:49is the subcategory because what that will

16:52do is it will just return the number across

16:54the whole

16:54entire data set bearing in mind that we've

16:57basically filtered out all the other subc

16:59ategories

17:00through the calculation okay so because

17:03every other value is zero here if we remove

17:05subcategory

17:06on this aggregation here the only thing

17:09that will be left will be that value okay

17:12so that's just

17:13something interesting here my measure value

17:15shelf has completely disappeared so I might

17:17have to reset

17:18the view in a second but never mind let's

17:21just finish this so exclude subcat and then

17:26we're going

17:26to bring in our aggregation I'll bring it

17:28in from the left hand side here this is

17:30called subcat

17:32cells where has it gone here we go selected

17:35subcat cells so basically if that's going

17:38on then we just

17:39need to do a sum over here and a sum over

17:41there and then end that with the curly

17:44brackets okay

17:45so now the calculation valid what what this

17:47is basically saying is going to the

17:49visualization

17:50you can see it here and essentially we're

17:53basically asking this calculation to go to

17:56the

17:56viz and remove this from the visualization

17:59then do the aggregation that we've asked it

18:02to do

18:03sum of selected subcat cell okay and so let

18:05's just clear this annotation and hit okay

18:08before we hit

18:10okay let's give it a good name so let's say

18:12call this comparison value okay you'll see

18:15why I'm

18:16calling it comparison value in a second hit

18:18apply and hit okay and now if I drag this

18:21into the view

18:22you'll see that I now get that 16 000

18:24across every single row so now we've got

18:26this working nicely

18:28the last thing to do is just to create a

18:30calculated field and this is where I want

18:32to reset my um my

18:34worksheet a little bit um so if I just go

18:38to um where are all my cards if I just

18:41reset the cards

18:42um how weird is that it's just just just

18:45clearly a bug I don't know I don't know

18:47what's going on here

18:48um I don't know if I'm missing something

18:51here or um and I should really see a

18:54measure values

18:55shelf here so let me just make sure uh

18:58there it is so I've had to manually bring

19:01that on but

19:02when you reset these cards that should wow

19:06okay by default it doesn't show and when

19:10has that ever

19:10happened okay that's completely new to me

19:13but never mind we'll keep it on and so here

19:16we are

19:17now I can write my calculation and um we're

19:20ready we're pretty much ready to go so let

19:22's just do this

19:23and now we can start to sort of string

19:25together the calculation that we need to do

19:27so it's quite

19:27easy we just want to take away uh sales

19:30basically from that one and this one okay

19:33so those are the

19:34two things that we want to use and we just

19:36basically want to do that okay now I'm

19:39trying

19:39to think which is the correct way of doing

19:41it we're basically trying to compare things

19:43to the

19:43sum of cells so if it's larger um we should

19:45um I think we've done this the wrong way

19:48around I think

19:49we should actually do um this I believe so

19:52let's just do this correctly and let's get

19:55rid of that

19:56last one so let's just zoom this in so

19:58basically we're comparing the value to the

20:00sum of cells

20:01and we're basically then just going to say

20:03um comparison we could have done this as a

20:06percentage

20:06and this probably would have been a much

20:09nicer thing to do um but we'll just call

20:11this final

20:12comparison for argument's sake final

20:14comparison and we're pretty much good to go

20:18so hit apply

20:20and now we have that value over there so

20:22now I can drag that into the view and you

20:25can see here that

20:25it's actually gone right in front of this

20:28particular table what we can do is we can

20:30actually

20:30drag it down to the bottom so it's in the

20:32correct order so let's just have a look and

20:34make sure this

20:35makes sense as I was suggesting so we've

20:38got envelopes here and we have copiers

20:41which has sold considerably more

20:42and so this is coming up as negative one

20:44through three I knew I should have put it

20:46the other way

20:46around um I could probably hear you all

20:48shouting at me on the screen saying no it's

20:50the other way

20:50around so let's go ahead and fix that let's

20:54go here into edit and let's just do that

20:57again I knew

20:58I got it the right way around the first

20:59time just trust your gut Tim trust your gut

21:02um it doesn't

21:03matter how many times I do this I'll always

21:04forget which way around I'm supposed to be

21:06doing this

21:06there we go that's better so now we can

21:09actually see how much more other categories

21:11are and how

21:12much less they are as well here so now we

21:14've got that as a as a number then the best

21:17thing we can

21:17do here is we can just duplicate this I

21:19always like to keep the table there I just

21:21you know if

21:22something breaks in the vis I can come back

21:24in here and fix it so I duplicated it just

21:26by right

21:26clicking the sheet and selecting duplicate

21:28if you're wondering where I am I'm right

21:30here at the

21:31bottoms I'm right clicking on this and

21:33selecting duplicate and that's basically

21:36allowing me to

21:37create this and then what I can now do is I

21:39can turn this into a visit so essentially

21:41to do that

21:42I can just get rid of everything okay and

21:45just leave those two things sum of sales

21:48and final

21:48comparison and then we're pretty much good

21:51to go so what I can do at this point is I

21:53can just

21:54bring these here onto the view and you can

21:57see that you get this sort of nice nice

21:59chart we've

22:00put the measure names at the top but you

22:02can basically see the comparison sort of in

22:04earnest

22:05and then what we can do is we can just sort

22:07these by whatever metric we want to sort

22:10them by if I

22:11sort them here by whatever's on the right

22:13hand side then it kind of makes sense and

22:15then the

22:15last thing you want to do is to just show

22:18your parameter so we can make sure we get

22:20this going

22:21quite nicely and what I might also do is I

22:23might drag the final comparison onto color

22:26I'll hold

22:27control on the windows command on the mac

22:29and put that on color so we get this sort

22:31of nice

22:32and sort of separation which is great so

22:34now we're pretty much ready to go let's

22:36have a look at this

22:37so let's go look at envelopes there that's

22:40actually what we're on already let's look

22:42at art and you

22:43can see this is now changing really nicely

22:46accessories and because we've put the large

22:48to

22:48the top this is always going to be

22:50basically just moving this color up and

22:53down I've sort of ordered

22:54this in a in a sort of biased way so

22:57because the we're ordering in terms of

23:00cells you'll always get

23:02a sort of phones and chairs always having a

23:04higher value and we're just basically

23:07moving sort of the

23:08cutoff point and what we could do is we

23:10could change things around and if let's say

23:12we didn't

23:12sort this that way at all so let's just do

23:15this again so we just get this random sort

23:17here and now

23:18if we were to choose binders for example

23:20you can see that it gets a little bit messy

23:22and it's a

23:23little hard to see what's going on so I

23:25think sorting you know human beings love a

23:27little bit

23:28of order so you can obviously sort here on

23:30the axis like so and then you get back to a

23:33really

23:33nice setup so that is a good example of the

23:35exclude function it's probably the only

23:38example

23:38I can think of that's simple to show in

23:41this video but that's pretty much it now

23:44again I'm gonna

23:45remind everyone about the resources so we

23:47've got this blog post here if you just go

23:50to google

23:50and type in tableau l o d's you'll come up

23:53with a bunch of great resources from table

23:56au themselves

23:57and these two are probably the best ones

23:59and they they basically tell you how level

24:01of detains

24:02expressions works the limitations it goes

24:05into this concept of the viz level of

24:07detail you see

24:08here's the official answer pages is part of

24:10the vu level uh detail now I could swear I

24:13wrote a

24:13white paper where that wasn't in there but

24:16never mind um I wasn't sure at the time but

24:18now I think

24:19we have the answer you can also see the

24:20limitations what databases aren't supported

24:23here as well

24:23and then there's obviously a lot more

24:25detail about how to actually create them as

24:26well in

24:27the documentation which is a great place to

24:29go so that's pretty much it um thanks for

24:31watching if

24:32you found this video useful please do share

24:34it with people who might find it useful I

24:36feel like

24:36l o d's are one of these amazing concepts

24:38where if you know about it you're just

24:40going to make

24:41your life so much easier in terms of the

24:43way you write calculations it's just such a

24:46fundamental

24:46part of tableau I can't even imagine a

24:48world without it um so yeah anyway thanks

24:51for watching

24:52and we'll catch you in the next video